About Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepadnavirus which can cause acute or chronic inflammation of the liver are in a minority of cases may progress to sirosi liver or liver cancer. Treatment of hepatitis B more and more developed by various countries and became one of the World Health Organization's attention.

The cause of hepatitis was not merely a virus. Drug toxicity, and exposure to various chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride, chlorpromazine, chloroform, arsenic, phosphorus, and other substances used as medicine in the modern industry, can also cause hepatitis. These chemical substances may be ingested, inhaled or absorbed through the skin of the patient. Neutralize toxins circulating in the blood are the liver works. If a lot of toxic chemicals that enter the body, the liver can be damaged so that it can no longer neutralize the other toxins.   

Hepatitis B virus interfere with liver function and activate the immune system, which produces a specific reaction to combat the virus. As a consequence of pathological damage, the liver becomes inflamed. A small percentage of infected people can not get rid of the virus and become chronic infections. If there are people who are undergoing treatment of hepatitis B in a state like this, should be wary because these people are at high risk of death from liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. (From :turunberatbadan.com)

About Clavus or Athlete's Foot

Clavus or athlete’s foot is a thickening of the skin that usually arises on the surface of the foot, due to continuous pressure and friction on the foot. Besides the comfort, the clavus is also associated with one another disease, one of which is a nerve disorder. Therefore, the clavus need to be handled appropriately.
According dr. Irawati Hawari, Sp.S, neurologist from the Mental Health Center Hawari &Associates, Jakarta, clavus occur due to nerve abnormalities of blood vessels. Symptoms, chronic pain and injury. Sometimes, this pain caused by peripheral nerve disorders. Eyelets can also be an illness that can result from diabetes.
Meanwhile Riani Susanto, ND, CT, naturopathic in Jakarta, causing the clavus, among others, is the foundation of unequal weight. It could also be due to streptococcal bacterial infection and alkalinity of the body out of balance.
He therefore suggested to maintain the levels of acid-base balance with vegetable juice. Avoid greasy and sweet foods. Apply tree oil or vitamin E mixed with the crushed garlic. After ward, use 100 percent cotton socks.
To prevent the clavus to dawn, wear shoes with good cushioning your feet, keep your ideal weight, and select the appropriate footwear.

Knowing Elephantiasis

Filariasis is an infectious disease (Elephant Leg Disease) caused by filarial worms transmitted by various species of mosquitoes.This disease is chronic (chronic) and if not treated can cause permanent disability in the form of enlargement of the legs, arm sand genitals of both women and men. As a result patients can not work optimally even dependent on others.

A person can be infected or infected with the disease elephantiasis if the person is bitten by an infective mosquito is a mosquito-containing III-stage larvae (L3). Mosquito gets a small filarial worms (microfilariae) while sucking the blood of patients or animals containing the microfilaria reservoir containing the microfilaria. Transmission of the disease cycle kaiki this elephant through two stages of a development in the mosquito (vector) and the second stage of development in the human body (host) and reservoair.

Mass treatment of endemic areas carried out by using drugs Carbamazine Diethyl citrate (DEC) combined with Albenzol once a year for 5 / 10 years.

About Diarrhea

Diarrhea is a disease when patients experience frequent bowel movements and still have excessive water content. Diarrhea is the most common cause of death for children under five, killing more than 1.5 million people per year.

Until now, diarrhea remains a major cause of stomach illness and death in infants and children. Currently morbiditasi (illness)diarrhea in the World is still at 195 per 1,000 population and this figure is a figure that is still very high.

Diarrheal disease in infants and children, obstruct the development of the child which may ultimately reduce the quality of life of children in the future.

Diarrhea can cause death. Death is caused, because the loss of body fluids due to dehydration electrolyte. Then, it is known that bacteria cause diarrhea and vomiting is Vibrio Cholera El Tor biotype and in accordance with the name of the cause is the occurrence of outbreaks often occur at that time was more popular with the term El-Tor Cholera outbreak.

About Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)

Disease Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by dengue virus is transmitted through the bite of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, which causes disturbances in capillary blood vessels and the blood clotting system, resulting in bleeding-bleeding.

The disease is commonly found tropical areas like Southeast Asia, India, Brazil, the United States including in all corners of Indonesia, except in places a height of more than 1000 meters above sea level. Physicians and other health workers are often wrong in the diagnosis, because the initial symptoms resemble flu and other diseases such as typhoid (typhoid). The disease is transmitted through the bite of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.

Knowing Anthrax

Anthrax is a disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus antrhacis that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Examples of animals that can transmit the disease, among others, cows, goats and sheep. Although the disease is not contagious among humans, the disease is very dangerous because it can infect the lungs, skin and digestive tract.

Symptoms can appear within 12 hours to 5 days after infection with the bacteria. Skin infection begins as a red-brown lumps of enlarged with swelling around it. Bumps turn into blisters and crusty. Patient felt unwell, muscle ache, headache, fever and nausea.

Skin infections were treated with injections of penicillin or tetracycline or erythromycin orally. While infection of the lung treated with intravenous penicillin. Corticosteroids are used to reduce lung inflammation.

About Monkeypox

The term monkey pox is relatively not as popular as smallpox other terms mentioned above. The disease is the scientific name is bullous impetigo, or some are calling vesikulo-bullous impetigo. In contrast toother types of smallpox caused by a viral infection, monkey pox is caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. Clinically, the patient does not have a fever or general symptoms such as chickenpox or herpes zoster. The symptoms one gets is that the emergence of bubbles, especially in the armpits, chest, and back. It is fast emerging bubble burst and the amount is not so much, but often accompanied by miliaria (prickly heat). This disease is not as heavy as other diseases, because only limited to the skin layer. But of course it does not mean do not need to be treated. Moreover, because the cause is bacterial, the antibiotics necessary to destroy it rubbed on the affected place.

Some say, the disease is called monkey pox, causes abnormalities in the skin that looks to the layman is more or less similar to smallpox. While the origin is associated with monkeys, presumably because most skin itch once and often cause sufferers scratching his body constantly ... like a monkey.

About Snakepox (Herpes Zoster)

Despite its name the snakepox, the disease is not caused by a snake. Snakepox are common names for the disease Herpes Zoster. This disease is a form of reactivation disease chickenpox (varicella) who had suffered one before. Please note, if a person exposed to varicella-zoster virus infection for the first time, it will arise chickenpox disease. After recovery, the virus does not disappear entirely from the patient's body, but dwells in the patient's body, precisely in peripheral nerve ganglion sufferer. The virus that resides in the patient's body may reappear at any time and cause a disease called Herpes Zoster. Although there is a virus in his body, but most people do not experience disease Herpes Zoster. This is due to good body resistance that can suppress the virus is evolving. Conversely, in people who durability are declining, not infrequently the disease suddenly appeared to attack. Symptoms that occur in this disease is initially similar to chickenpox, the fever and body feels sore. Furthermore, slightly different from the chickenpox disease, although the same virus that causes it.

In the Herpes Zoster, bubbles appear in a group that resembles the line width on the basis of skin redness, which emerged from the back of the body and spread toward the front on one side of the body. Perhaps because the picture of disorder that such a picture of this snake, then there is called a snakepox. Actually, these bubbles can appear anywhere on the body, including the face, but most often from the back to the chest. There is a myth that says, if a row of bubbles emerging from both sides of the body, and both ends meet, it will be fatal consequences. This myth is not appropriate, but there are elements of truth here. Clearly, the rows of bubbles are generally appear only on one side only. When it comes to appear on both sides, meaning infectious disease is severe, and durability of the patient's body in a state of very weak and bad. Surely such a physical condition that it does have risks that can be fatal. Although rare, such cases can be found in patients receiving immunosuppressant therapy (suppression of the immune system) in long-term high doses or in people with HIV / AIDS.

About Varicella or Chickenpox

Chickenpox, although the name is similar to smallpox, is a different disease. Chickenpox, in medical language is called 'varicella', and in English is called chicken pox. The disease is caused by a virus called varicella-zoster virus. Similar to smallpox, the symptoms that appear equally there is fever. However, there are differences in the bubble that appears: small and not simultaneously, starting from the patient's body and then spread to other limbs. In general, the disease chicken pox is much lighter and not as dangerous as smallpox. Vaccination disease is actually already quite long, but no one has done a lot in Indonesia. Chickenpox vaccination until this day has not become part of the basic immunization program will be required, given the cost is still expensive so not everyone is able to reach them. Indonesian Pediatric Association (IDAI) currently chickenpox immunization schedule is for children aged 10 years and over, if it has not had chicken pox. However, if desired, and indeed capable, be given the vaccine already after 1 year of age, and repeated 10 years later to protect it as adults.

About Smallpox Or Variola

Variola / smallpox is caused by (pox virus) has been there since many centuries ago and are very contagious. Symptoms that occur for those who are infected are fever, and bubbles appear simultaneously at a pus-filled skin of the face, hands, feet, and finally the entire body. The disease is often fatal, especially if the infant or the elderly. For those who can heal anything, scars on the skin will give the form pockmarks. Fortunately, this disease no longer exists in the world.
In the 19th century, the worldwide effort to eradicate the disease by immunization. In the region of Indonesia, smallpox immunization has been conducted since 1856, by the Indian Government - Netherlands. After a long process and hard work, eventually the disease is not found anymore in Indonesia since 1974 and the subsequent WHO Indonesia set free from smallpox. Thanks to the cooperation of all the world, finally in 1980 the world was declared free of smallpox. Along with the destruction of smallpox, the last from then on no longer needed smallpox vaccination. News and discussion was increasingly disappearing. No wonder, finally there are also some lay people who have never heard of and unfamiliar with the disease was smallpox.

Knowing Stroke

Is it a stroke?

Stroke disease is a disorder of brain function due to blood flow to the brain is impaired (reduced). As a result, nutrients and oxygen to the brain dbutuhkan not fulfilled properly. Causes of stroke There are 2 kinds, namely the existence of blockages in blood vessels (thrombus), and the presence of a ruptured blood vessel.

Generally a stroke suffered by the elderly, because of the aging process causes the hardening and narrowing of blood vessels (arteriosclerosis) and the presence of fats that clog arteries (atherosclerosis). But several recent cases show an increase of cases of stroke that occur during adolescence and childbearing age (15-40 years). In this group, a major cause of stroke is a stress, drug abuse, alcohol, heredity, and an unhealthy lifestyle.

Cause of stroke

In the case of stroke adolescence, genetic factors (heredity) is the major cause of stroke. Frequently encountered cases of stroke caused by blood vessel is fragile and easily broken, or blood system disorders such as hemophilia and thalassemia disease are inherited by the parent of the patient. Meanwhile, if a family member with diabetes (diabetes), hypertension (high blood pressure), and heart disease, stroke likely become greater in the other family members.

Other causes of stroke are foods with high levels of bad cholesterol (Low Density Lipoprotein) is very high. Cholesterol this evil there is a lot on junk food, or fast food. In addition, other causes of stroke is a lazy habit of exercise and movement, a lot of drinking alcohol, smoking, use of narcotic and addictive substances, much less rest time, and prolonged stress. Rupture of blood vessels are also often caused by disease of high blood pressure (hypertension).

Symptoms of stroke

Early symptoms of stroke usually dizziness, head seemed to spin (like vertigo disease), then followed with a speech impairment and mouth muscles move. Other symptoms are disturbed it taste sensor (can not feel anything, such as pinched or pricked needles) and the body feels paralyzed side, and with no reflex movement. Often also occur suddenly blind or blurred vision (due to blood supply and oxygen to the eye is greatly reduced), disturbance of taste in the mouth system and the muscles of the mouth (so often encountered people with a wry face), paralysis of the muscles of the body, and disruption system memory and emotion. Often some people can not stop crying because of the paralysis of the brain controls the emotions system. It makes people act like a stroke patient psychiatric illness, but it's not. Things like this that need to be understood by the patient's family.

The healing process

There are 2 major healing process that must be patient. The first is healing with medicines in hospitals. Strict control must be done to keep the levels of bad cholesterol can be lowered and did not grow up. In addition, patients are also prohibited from eating foods that can trigger a stroke like junk food and salt (which can trigger hypertension).

The healing process is fisiotherapy second, which exercises the muscles to restore muscle function and communication function for close to its original state. Fisiotherapi conducted jointly fisiotherapi instructors, and patients must abide by the exercise done. If this fisiotherapi not be taking seriously, it can occur in permanent paralysis of the limbs that have suffered paralysis.

Healing in patients with stroke are very varied. There can be cured completely (100%), some are just 50% only. This recovery depends on whether or not severe stroke, the body condition of patient, patient compliance in undergoing the process of healing, perseverance and spirit of the patient to recover, as well as support and understanding from all family members of patients. Often found that stroke patients can recover, but suffered severe depression because their families do not want to understand and feel very disturbed with the disease (such as patient attitude does not accept the situation, the harsh treatment because patients have to clean dirt, handing the patient to the nurse who also treatspatients with a rough, and so on). This should be avoided if a family member who suffers a stroke.

Treating Gout Disease

Rheumatic gout or uric acid (gout arthritis) is a result of the metabolism of the body by one of the proteins, purine and kidney. In this regard, renal function regulate the stability of uric acid levels in the body where most of the rest of uric acid excreted through urine.

However, if excess uric acid and the kidneys no longer regulate its stability, then the uric acid in will accumulate in tissues and joints. At the time of high uric acid levels, there will be great pain, especially in the area joints.

Uric acid levels can be treated for his body back to normal. But because the body there is the potential buildup of uric acid, then the patient must control the food intake or avoid food containing purines.

Uric acid has been known since 2,000 years ago and became one of the oldest diseases known to man. Formerly, this disease is also called "disease of kings" because the disease is associated with the habit of eating food and delicious drinks.

Each person can be exposed to the disease gout. But generally, more experienced of the men, whereas in women the percentage is small and only appear after menopause. Uric acid levels men tend to increase with increasing age. In women, an increase that started since the time of menopause. Therefore, we need to be alert to the symptoms.

Symptoms of Uric Acid

- Tingling and pains

- Pain, especially at night or early morning waking.

- Joints affected by uric acid visible swelling, redness, heat and incredible pain at night and morning.

Uric Acid Solutions Solve

- Perform treatment until uric acid levels returned to normal. Normal levels are 2.4 to 6 for women and 3.0 to 7 for men.

- Control of food consumed.

- Drink plenty of water. By drinking lots of water, we can help get rid of purines in the body.

Avoid foods that (contains many purine)

- Side dishes such as organ meats, liver, kidney, spleen, tripe, intestines, lungs and brain.

- Seafood such as shrimp, scallops, squid, crab.

- Food cans are like corned beef and sardines.

- Meat, eggs, broth or gravy is thick.

- Legumes such as soybeans (including processed products like tempe, tauco, oncom, soy milk), peanuts, green beans.

Traditional medicine Uric Acid:

- Soursop. Eat just like that or in the juice, eat / drink every day

- 7 pieces bay leaves boiled in two cups of water, until only 1 cup, drink morning and afternoon

- Pumpkin Siamese shredded and then filtered water taken drink each day.

- Apple cider vinegar is a ready-made and mixed with honey to the size of one tablespoon of honey plus 2 tablespoons apple vinegar plus water. Water should be drunk for 1 week

- Raw potatoes and apples juiced poor.

Knowing Sickle Cell Anemia

Sickle cell disease (sickle cell disease / sickle cell anemia) is a hereditary disease characterized by red blood cells are crescent-shaped, rigid, and chronic hemolytic anemia. In sickle cell disease, red blood cells have hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen) that looks abnormal, thus reducing the amount of oxygen in the cell and causes the cell to be like a sickle shape. Sickle-shaped cells that will clog and damage the smallest blood vessels in the spleen, kidney, brain, bone, and other organs, and reduces the supply of oxygen to the organ. Sickle cell is fragile and will break at the time of passing the blood vessels, causing severe anemia, a blockage of blood flow, organ damage and even death.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a recessive genetic disease, meaning that a person must inherit two carriers of the disease gene from both parents.This is what causes the disease is rare SCA. Someone who inherits only one gene will not show symptoms and only act as a carrier. If one parent has the gene sickle cell anemia and the other is a carrier, then there is 50% chance their children suffering from sickle cell anemia and 50% chance as a carrier.

SCA is caused due to mutation of β-globin chain of hemoglobin, which causes the exchange of glutamic acid (an amino acid) with hydrophobic amino acid valine at position 6. The genes responsible for causing SCA is an autosomal genes and can be found on chromosome number 11.Merger of two α-globin subunits with two subunits normal β-globin mutant form of hemoglobin S (HbS). On the condition of low oxygen levels, the absence of polar amino acid at position 6 of the β-globin chains causes the formation of non-covalent bonding in hemoglobin that causes changes in shape of red blood cells become sickle shape and lose elasticity.

Sickle cell anemia is almost exclusively against black people. About 10% of blacks in the U.S. has only 1 gene for this illness (they have sickle cell chain) and do not suffer from sickle cell disease. Approximately 0.3% had 2 gene and suffer from sickle cell disease.

Anemia, stomach pain and bone pain and nausea in a black skin is a typical sign for sickle cell crisis. On examination of blood samples under a microscope, can see red blood cells and the fraction of sickle-shaped red blood cells are destroyed. Electrophoresis can find the abnormal hemoglobin and indicate whether a person suffering from sickle cell disease or sickle cell only has a chain. The discovery of sickle cell chain is important for a family plan, namely to determine the risk of having children who suffer from sickle cell disease.

Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease that can not be cured. In addition to bone marrow transplants, has not found a permanent treatment for this disease. But the transplant involves a complex procedure and not a therapeutic option. To be able to perform transplants, the patient should receive a suitable donor (usually obtained from family members who do not suffer from sickle cell anemia) with low risk of rejection by the body's reaction. However, there are real risks of this procedure and there is always the possibility of rejection by the body's organ transplant recipients.

However, without treatment even if a patient with SCA can still live a normal life. Treatment is simply to reduce the pain and the use of antibiotics to prevent dangerous infections caused by bacteria (such as sepsis / infections that occur in the blood, meningitis, and pneumonia) which can cause death in patients, especially infants. Hydroxyurea, which has been known as an antitumor drug turns out to also be used for therapy for people, especially in infants. Hydroxyurea increases the formation of a type of hemoglobin (mainly found in the fetus) that will reduce the number of red blood cells change shape into crescent. Therefore, these drugs reduce the frequency of sickle cell crisis and was also shown to reduce pain and prevent complications of the disease in children and adults.Further research was conducted to determine the safety and long-term effects of their use.

Currently being developed new treatments for the SCA, by gene therapy.Genetic therapy is the technique of planting a normal gene into precursor cells (cells that produce blood cells). However, this technique is still in research stage and only tested on mice. Although the researchers concerned about the difficulty of applying gene therapy in humans, they are confident that this new therapy will become an important treatment for the disease sickle cell anemia.

Preventing Diseases Worms

Prevention is better than cure, is the slogan that we often hear from officials and health advertisements in the media.

Prevents worms by keeping behavior and the environment is one small thing we can do to prevent worms, because worms cycle that can be transmitted through everywhere will come back again.

Below are some ways to prevent worms.

1. Maintain personal hygiene such as cutting nails, washing hands before eating and wearing footwear when out of the house or when the toilet.

2. Maintain cleanliness of the environment such as cleaning gutters regularly and do not throw litter.

3. Maintain cleanliness of food and beverages. Food is always closed so that no infestation of flies and dust. Only drink boiled water that has been boiled first. Wash vegetables with clean water and flow.

4. Defecate in latrine or toilet. Do not defecate in any place for example in the gutter, times, shrubs or yard.

The signs of intestinal worms

Worm disease is often regarded as a trivial disease by most people. Though the disease can reduce the level of child health. Among other things, causes anemia, decreased IQ, lackluster limp, sleepy, lazy activity and low weight.

Symptoms of the disease would be difficult to detect worms, if the number of worms that nest in the body is still small.

The way the entry of worms into the body also varied. Roundworms that nested in the body with the number of infective egg per day 100000-200000 usually enter through the food. To whip worms, infective eggs in the body as much as 3000-5000 in 3-6 weeks usually also go through food.

While hookworm eggs can develop normally in the body through food and skin. Whip worm eggs which are usually numbered 9000-10000 infective within 3 days.

Therefore, vulnerable to worms exposed to the disease if they live in an environment that is not clean. Therefore, mothers in particular also need to know the symptoms of the disease worms, so that the little can immediately get help and not too long worm nest. What are the symptoms of worms in it:

1. Lethargic and weak from lack of blood (anemia)

Caused by hookworm, making the body becomes weak due to lack of blood worm exploited.

2. Low weight due to malnutrition

Nutrients that should be absorbed by the body also become worm food.

3. Coughing does not heal

There are also worms that can live in the lungs causing a cough that does not heal.

4. Pain in abdomen

Worms can also cause abdominal pain that can cause diarrhea.

Dr Daniel stressed, healthy behavior is the best way to avoid worms. Because worms mostly live on land, then avoid too little play ground, because it could have worms enter through the nails of children.

"Important notice nail hygiene of children. Clean and cut nails regularly do to prevent worms. Drinking regular worming every 6 months can kill the worms that nest early symptoms of disease and intestinal worms are not always visible, so check and make sure the children are free of worms on a regular basis, "he asserted.

Avoiding Disease Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is actually a disease of animals that can infect humans (zoonoses). Often regarded as post-flood disease because it often appears after the flood, or in areas after flooding.Although our society has not been long familiar with leptospirosis, after an outbreak occur in some city that flooded some time ago, but actually this is not a new disease. In the world of veterinary medicine, the disease is not a stranger anymore, even been known for a long time.Vaccination of pets against leptospirosis disease has also been regularly performed.

Cause

Leptospirosis in animals is also called Weil's disease (Weil's Disease). The cause is bacteria Leptospira. These bugs live and breed in bodies of animals. All animals can be infected. Most mice and other rodents, other animals. Pets and wild animals can also sometimes affected as well. Leptospira that have been known to have a lot of aspects imunologiknya serovars, approximately 175 serovars. Among the serovars that have little cross-immunity. Infection by leptospira can be by one or more serovars. In animals, who frequently found serovars were L.Hardjo, L. Pamona, L. grippotyphosa, L.Canicola, and L. Ichterohaemorrhagiae.

The period of leptospirosis shoots about 10 days.Two weeks after the flood subsided in Jakarta, while flood victims clean up the former flood deposits, cases of leptospirosis occur. Perhaps there are germs, which are left in dirty water flooding.

When infection occurs, the patient's body within 6-12 days will be formed immune agglutination.Leptospira bacteria shaped twisted yarn, which in the end as related, a length of 60-20 micro m and a diameter of 0.1 to 0.2 micro m. These bacteria can move back and forth.

In early cases the doctor may not suspect leptospirosis. The disease is not uncommon and may be forgotten, because there has not been recorded jangkitannya in Jakarta. That's because in the early cases could be a doctor miss the diagnosis so that patients given antibiotics too late. If late untreated, leptospirosis complications of kidney damage, in addition to liver and brain.

Prevention Efforts

Leptospira germs can survive several months in water and soil, but die by the disinfectant, such as lisol. Therefore, efforts to "lisolisasi" the entire surface of the floor, walls, and the house of an estimated contaminated dirty water flooding that may have leptospira, was considered easy and inexpensive way to prevent the emergence of leptospirosis.

In addition to neighborhood and environmental sanitation, hygiene and its individual done by keeping hands clean. Besides exposed dirty water, hands can be contaminated with germs from pets that have been affected by the disease from rodents or wild animals. Avoid contact with pet urine.

Get used to wear personal protective equipment, such as rubber gloves when in contact with dirty water, skin protective clothing, bare feet, wearing boots, especially if there are skin wounds, ulcers, or eczema.

Always wash hands after handling animals, livestock, or clean the barn, kitchen, and dirty places. Pets attacked directly leptospirosis treated, and who are still healthy given the vaccination. Leptospirosis vaccination apply to animals.

Environmental hygiene, in particular, should be carried out continuously. Do not give the opportunity to breed mice in the house. Even the house rats need to be exterminated down to their nests. Similarly, if there are other rodents.

Do not forget for the daily activities at the ranch, or are working in the ranch. Horses, pigs, cows, can be infected with leptospirosis, in addition to squirrels, and other wild animals that may stop by the farms and settlements, or when we're hunting, camping, and work out at the lake or river.

Leptospirosis is transmitted directly from person to person. However, the diseased animal urine leptospirosis in water, food, and soil, which is the scene of this animal disease transmission to the human body.